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This study aims to provide an overview of existing policies and practices in the EU Member States and Norway towards third-country nationals in a prolonged situation of irregular stay. The overall focus is on those third-country nationals subject to a return decision but whose return was not enforced or was postponed, and those without a return decision who are unknown to the authorities.

The return of illegally-staying third-country nationals is one of the main pillars of the EU’s policy on migration and asylum. However, recent Eurostat data show that return rates at EU level have not improved despite the important increase in the number of rejected asylum applications and in the number of return decisions issued since 2014. The EMN conducted this study with the purpose of investigating good practices and challenges in Member States’ application of EU rules on return and equivalent standards.

This study focusses on illegal employment of third-country nationals (TCNs) in Finland. The concept of illegal employment of third-country nationals covers both the employment of irregularly staying migrants, meaning a TCN who does not fulfil, or no longer fulfils, the conditions of entry, and the employment of legally staying migrants who do not have the right to work in Finland or are working outside the conditions of their permit.

This inform covers the provision of housing to international protection applicants. The housing of other groups (i.e. beneficiaries of international protection and persons whose application for international protection has been rejected as well as beneficiaries of temporary protection) is also included.

This inform analyses how Member States have organised access to social benefits, education, employment and healthcare.

This inform aims to identify the approaches used to ensuring coherence between different return and reintegration actors at national level and EU level.

A statistical annex published alongside the EMN annual report, containing a wide range of national and Eurostat statistics on migration and asylum.

This inform offers an overview of current practices in EMN Member Countries and two Observer Countries (Georgia, Ukraine) on the digitalisation of identity documents and residence permits issued to third-country nationals.